History Topic-Wise Solutions
& Complete Revision Notes
Detailed explanations, every option analysed, and connected facts for thorough revision.
Question 3
“Jivaka Chintamani” was written by …………..
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Jivaka Chintamani , also written Civaka Cintamani , is a Tamil Jain epic attributed to Tiruttakkatevar . It is one of the Five Great Tamil Epics.
- The work follows the adventures of its hero Jivaka/Civakan, combining courtly life and worldly success with an eventual turn towards renunciation . Its religious setting is Jain, not Buddhist.
- It is generally placed around the tenth century CE . The exact dating of early Tamil literary works can vary, so the secure author–text–religion pairing is the most useful examination fact.
- The work is noted for its use of the viruttam metre. Jain and Buddhist authors made important contributions to Tamil literary culture beyond religious instruction.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • Seethalai Sathanar
Author traditionally associated with Manimekalai, a Buddhist Tamil epic. He did not write Jivaka Chintamani.
b • Tiruttakkatevar
Correct: Jain author of Jivaka Chintamani; the spelling Thiruthakkadevar also occurs.
c • Dandin
Sanskrit author associated with Dashakumaracharita and Kavyadarsha. Do not confuse a Sanskrit prose romance with a Tamil Jain epic.
d • None of these
Incorrect because Tiruttakkatevar is explicitly listed.
📚 Five Great Tamil Epics: author and religious setting
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| Epic | Author / attribution | Key association |
|---|---|---|
| Silappadikaram | Ilango Adigal | Kannagi and Kovalan; justice, kingship and the anklet. Traditionally linked to a Jain author. |
| Manimekalai | Seethalai Sathanar | Buddhist epic; Manimekalai, daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi. |
| Jivaka Chintamani | Tiruttakkatevar | Jain epic; adventures followed by renunciation. |
| Kundalakesi | Traditionally attributed to Nathakuthanar | Buddhist work; survives mainly in fragments. |
| Valayapathi | Authorship uncertain | Jain associations; surviving fragments. |
📚 Related literature: quick matching
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| Text | Author / language | Remember |
|---|---|---|
| Tirukkural | Tiruvalluvar • Tamil | Ethics, polity/material life and love; not one of the Five Great Epics. |
| Tolkappiyam | Traditionally Tolkappiyar • Tamil | Grammar and poetics. |
| Dashakumaracharita | Dandin • Sanskrit | Prose narrative about ten princes. |
| Kavyadarsha | Dandin • Sanskrit | Poetics; distinct from Tamil epic literature. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Silappadikaram’s setting: Puhar, Madurai and the Chera region connect the narrative with the three major Tamil kingdoms.
- Manimekalai link: it continues characters associated with the Silappadikaram story but foregrounds Buddhist ideas.
- Chronology trap: the Five Great Epics are not all products of one date or one religious community; do not label every Tamil classic “Sangam literature.”
- Prelims method: revise text + author + language + religion together; all four can appear in matching statements.
Question 23
Given below are two statements:
Statement I:
“The 1857 Revolt was a war of fanatic religionists against Christians” – Statement by Sir James Outram.
Statement II:
“The so called First National War of Independence of 1857 – is neither first, nor National, nor a war of Independence.” – Statement by R.C. Majumdar.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the option given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Statement I is incorrect: the description of 1857 as a war of religious fanatics against Christians is conventionally attributed to L. E. R. Rees , not James Outram.
- James Outram is associated in standard examination summaries with the Hindu–Muslim conspiracy interpretation, also linked to W. Taylor.
- Statement II is correct: R. C. Majumdar rejected the description of 1857 as the first national war of independence, questioning both its national scope and its character.
- Historians disagree because the rebellion contained military revolt, civilian resistance, agrarian grievances, dynastic interests and religious fears . A quotation identifies an interpretation; it does not settle the entire historical debate.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • Both correct
Reject: the religious-fanaticism interpretation is attributed to Rees, not Outram.
b • Both incorrect
Reject: the Majumdar attribution is correct.
c • I correct, II incorrect
Both truth values are reversed.
d • I incorrect, II correct
Correct: Rees belongs with Statement I’s idea; Majumdar with Statement II.
📚 Important books on the Revolt of 1857
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| Book | Author | Revision connection |
|---|---|---|
| The Indian War of Independence, 1857 | V. D. Savarkar | Nationalist interpretation; published in 1909. |
| The Great Rebellion | Asoka Mehta | Study of the rebellion. |
| The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 | R. C. Majumdar | Challenges the first-national-war description. |
| Eighteen Fifty-Seven (1857) | S. N. Sen (Surendra Nath Sen) | Major study published in the centenary year, 1957. |
| Civil Rebellion in the Indian Mutinies | S. B. Chaudhuri | Emphasises civilian dimensions. |
| Causes of the Indian Revolt (Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind) | Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan | Critique of administrative failures and causes of unrest. |
📚 Historians’ perspectives: retain the supplied revision pairings
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| Interpretation | Historian / figure |
|---|---|
| First War of Indian Independence | V. D. Savarkar |
| National Revolt | Benjamin Disraeli |
| Sepoy Mutiny | Seeley and Sir John Lawrence |
| Hindu–Muslim Conspiracy | James Outram and W. Taylor |
| Conflict between Civilization and Barbarism | T. R. Holmes |
| War of Religious Fanatics against Christians | L. E. R. Rees |
| Neither First, nor National, nor a War of Independence | R. C. Majumdar |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Immediate trigger: the cartridge controversy; the wider causes included annexations, revenue burdens, military discrimination and fears of religious interference.
- Political cause: the annexation of Awadh in 1856 affected the court, taluqdars and many sepoy families. It was not an annexation under the Doctrine of Lapse.
- Major centres: Delhi—Bahadur Shah Zafar; Kanpur—Nana Saheb; Lucknow—Begum Hazrat Mahal; Jhansi—Lakshmibai; Bihar—Kunwar Singh.
- Limits: uneven geographical reach and differing local objectives; some Indian rulers and groups supported the British.
- Outcome: Company government ended through the Government of India Act, 1858; army recruitment and policies towards princes were reorganised.
- Mains approach: discuss both sepoy and civilian participation; avoid treating every region or social group as having identical motives.
Question 24
Given below are two statements:
Statement I:
‘Samavartana’ – is a category of Hindu Slaves.
Statement II:
‘Sankarvarman’ – is considered as the founder of the Lohara Dynasty of Kashmir.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Samavartana is a samskara marking completion of formal studentship and return from the teacher’s household. It is not a category of slave.
- Shankaravarman belonged to Kashmir’s Utpala dynasty and succeeded Avantivarman . His reign is generally dated 883–902 CE .
- The Lohara dynasty in Kashmir began with Sangramaraja in 1003 CE , following Queen Didda. Shankaravarman and Sangramaraja are different rulers.
- The question tests two independent distinctions: a social/educational term and a dynasty-founder association . Similar-looking names must be checked separately.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • Both correct
Reject: Samavartana is a rite, and the founder of Lohara was Sangramaraja.
b • Both incorrect
Correct. Both definitions in the question are wrong.
c • I correct, II incorrect
Reject: Statement I incorrectly describes an educational rite as a slave category.
d • I incorrect, II correct
Reject: Shankaravarman was an Utpala ruler, not Lohara’s founder.
📚 Samskaras and educational terms
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| Term | Meaning | Distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Upanayana | Initiation into traditional Vedic studentship | Beginning, not completion, of the course of study. |
| Brahmacharya | Stage of studentship and discipline | One of the four idealised ashramas. |
| Samavartana | Completion of studentship / return home | Associated with the concluding bath or snana. |
| Snataka | One who has completed the concluding student rite | Not a slave category. |
| Vivaha | Marriage | Separate samskara connected with household life. |
| Dasa / dasi | Terms used for servile or dependent persons in many texts | Meaning and legal status vary by period and source. |
📚 Kashmir: dynasty and ruler map
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| Dynasty / ruler | Period / founder | Exam connection |
|---|---|---|
| Karkota dynasty | Durlabhavardhana; seventh century | Lalitaditya Muktapida was an important eighth-century ruler. |
| Utpala dynasty | Avantivarman, 855–883 CE | Associated with the engineer Suyya and irrigation works. |
| Shankaravarman | 883–902 CE | Son and successor of Avantivarman; Utpala. |
| Queen Didda | Late tenth century; died 1003 CE | Chose her nephew Sangramaraja as successor. |
| Lohara dynasty | Sangramaraja, from 1003 CE | Do not confuse Sangramaraja with Shankaravarman. |
| Rajatarangini | Kalhana; twelfth century | Sanskrit chronicle of Kashmir’s kings. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Four ashramas: brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sannyasa. These are idealised life stages, distinct from varna categories.
- Source caution: prescriptive social texts describe norms; actual practices and access to education varied across time and communities.
- Kalhana versus Kalidasa: Kalhana wrote Rajatarangini ; Kalidasa is the Sanskrit poet-dramatist.
- Regional history: Kashmir’s dynasties and chronicles should be revised separately from the contemporary Delhi and north Indian succession lists.
Question 43
Arrange these British Viceroys in chronological order:
(1) Lord Lansdowne
(2) Lord Northbrook
(3) Lord John Lawrence
(4) Lord Elgin I.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- The correct selected order is Elgin I → John Lawrence → Northbrook → Lansdowne , or 4, 3, 2, 1 . The uploaded answer (c) is incorrect.
- Elgin I served in 1862–1863 ; John Lawrence in 1864–1869 ; Northbrook in 1872–1876 ; and Lansdowne in 1888–1894 .
- This is an order among four selected rulers, not a list of consecutive office-holders. Mayo came between Lawrence and Northbrook; several viceroys came between Northbrook and Lansdowne.
- Elgin I and Elgin II must not be merged. Elgin II served much later, in 1894–1899 , after Lansdowne.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • 4, 3, 2, 1
Correct: 1862 → 1864 → 1872 → 1888, using accession years.
b • 4, 2, 3, 1
Reject: it places Northbrook before Lawrence.
c • 3, 4, 2, 1
This is the uploaded key, but it wrongly places Lawrence before Elgin I.
d • 3, 4, 1, 2
Reject: it reverses Elgin I/Lawrence and Lansdowne/Northbrook.
📚 Viceroys from Canning to Curzon
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| Viceroy | Tenure | High-yield association |
|---|---|---|
| Canning | 1856–1862; Viceroy from 1858 | 1857 revolt; Crown rule; Indian Councils Act, 1861. |
| Elgin I | 1862–1863 | Presidency High Courts opened in 1862; died at Dharamshala in 1863. |
| John Lawrence | 1864–1869 | Bhutan War; “masterly inactivity” in Afghan policy. |
| Mayo | 1869–1872 | Financial decentralisation; assassinated in the Andamans. |
| Northbrook | 1872–1876 | Bihar famine relief; Prince of Wales’s visit in 1875. |
| Lytton | 1876–1880 | Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act, 1878; Delhi Durbar, 1877. |
| Ripon | 1880–1884 | Local self-government resolution, 1882; Ilbert Bill controversy. |
| Dufferin | 1884–1888 | Congress founded and Third Anglo-Burmese War, 1885. |
| Lansdowne | 1888–1894 | Indian Councils Act, 1892; Durand Line, 1893. |
| Elgin II | 1894–1899 | Later Elgin; not the ruler in this question. |
| Curzon | 1899–1905 | Universities Act, 1904; partition of Bengal, 1905. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Himachal connection: Elgin I died at Dharamshala and is buried at St John in the Wilderness church near McLeod Ganj.
- Last Governor-General of Company rule / first Viceroy: Canning; the transfer occurred in 1858.
- Law versus implementation: High Courts Act—1861 under Canning; the three Presidency High Courts opened in 1862 under Elgin I.
- 1892 Act: expanded legislative councils and allowed restricted budget discussion and questions; it did not establish responsible government.
Question 44
Arrange these Medieval Rulers of Mewar in chronological order:
(1) Hammir
(2) Rana Kumbha
(3) Rana Mokal
(4) Rana Lakha.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- The correct relative sequence is Hammir → Lakha → Mokal → Kumbha , or 1, 4, 3, 2 .
- Hammir is associated with the restoration of Mewar’s power and the consolidation of the Sisodia line in the fourteenth century.
- Lakha preceded his son Mokal ; Kumbha was Mokal’s son . Thus Mokal must come before Kumbha.
- The selected list omits Kshetra Singh , who ruled between Hammir and Lakha. Relative chronological order does not imply direct succession without intervening rulers.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • 4, 1, 3, 2
Reject: Lakha cannot precede Hammir.
b • 4, 3, 1, 2
Reject: Hammir is the earliest of the four, not third.
c • 1, 4, 3, 2
Correct: Hammir → Lakha → Mokal → Kumbha.
d • 1, 4, 2, 3
Reject: Mokal preceded Kumbha; the last two are reversed.
📚 Mewar: selected rulers and chronology
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| Ruler | Broad / commonly used chronology | Useful association |
|---|---|---|
| Hammir Singh | Fourteenth century; commonly 1326–1364 | Restoration and consolidation of Sisodia Mewar. |
| Kshetra Singh | Between Hammir and Lakha | Intervening ruler omitted from the question. |
| Rana Lakha | Late fourteenth–early fifteenth century | Father of Mokal; associated with Zawar mining traditions. |
| Rana Mokal | 1421–1433 in Rajasthan school chronology | Father of Kumbha. |
| Rana Kumbha | 1433–1468 | Forts, architecture, music and struggles with Malwa and Gujarat. |
| Rana Sanga | Early sixteenth century | Defeated by Babur at Khanwa, 1527. |
| Udai Singh II | Sixteenth century | Founded Udaipur in 1559. |
| Maharana Pratap | 1572–1597 | Haldighati, 1576; resistance to Mughal expansion. |
📚 Mewar monuments and battles
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| Item | Association | Exam distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Vijay Stambha, Chittorgarh | Rana Kumbha; victory over Malwa | Not the Jain Kirti Stambha. |
| Kumbhalgarh | Major fort associated with Kumbha | Part of Mewar’s defensive system. |
| Khanwa, 1527 | Babur versus Rana Sanga | Different from Haldighati. |
| Haldighati, 1576 | Maharana Pratap versus Mughal forces led by Man Singh | Akbar did not personally command on the battlefield. |
| Udaipur | Udai Singh II | Do not attribute its foundation to Pratap. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Rana Kumbha: patron of architecture and music; associated with Sangita Raja .
- Political geography: Mewar’s strategic rivals included the sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat; frontier forts were crucial.
- Mewar versus Marwar: Sisodias are associated with Mewar; Rathores with Marwar. Similar regional names are frequent distractors.
- Date caution: older histories differ on some early reign limits. The Hammir–Lakha–Mokal–Kumbha sequence is the secure fact needed here.
Question 63
Consider the following statements:
(1) Aligarh Scientific Society was founded by Zakir Hussain in 1878
(2) Prarthana Samaj was established on 1866
(3) Paramhans Mandali was established on 1849
(4) Manav Dharm Sabha was established on 1844.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Statement 1 is false: the Scientific Society was founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1864 at Ghazipur and later shifted to Aligarh. It was not founded by Zakir Husain in 1878.
- Statement 2 is false: Prarthana Samaj was founded at Bombay in 1867 by Atmaram Pandurang, not in 1866.
- Statement 3 is true: Paramahansa Mandali was established in Bombay in 1849 , associated with Dadoba Pandurang and other reformers.
- Statement 4 is true: Manav Dharma Sabha was founded in Surat in 1844 , associated with Durgaram Manchharam and associates, including Dadoba Pandurang .
🔍 All Options Explained
a • 3 and 4
Correct: Paramahansa Mandali—1849; Manav Dharma Sabha—1844.
b • 1 and 4
Reject: statement 1 has the wrong founder and year.
c • 2 and 4
Reject: Prarthana Samaj began in 1867.
d • 2 and 3
Reject: 3 is true, but 2 gives the wrong founding year.
📚 Reform organisations: extended chronology
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| Year | Organisation / institution | Founder / place / focus |
|---|---|---|
| 1828 | Brahmo Sabha / Brahmo Samaj | Rammohan Roy; Calcutta; monotheism and reform. |
| 1844 | Manav Dharma Sabha | Durgaram Manchharam and associates; Surat; rational religion and social reform. |
| 1849 | Paramahansa Mandali | Dadoba Pandurang and associates; Bombay; opposition to caste restrictions. |
| 1864 | Scientific Society | Sir Syed Ahmad Khan; Ghazipur, later Aligarh; translation and modern learning. |
| 1864 | Veda Samaj | Madras; influenced by Brahmo ideas. |
| 1867 | Prarthana Samaj | Atmaram Pandurang; Bombay; social and religious reform. |
| 1873 | Satyashodhak Samaj | Jyotiba Phule; Pune; caste equality. |
| 1875 | Arya Samaj | Dayananda Saraswati; Bombay; Vedic reform. |
| 1877 | MAO College | Sir Syed; Aligarh; modern education. |
| 1920 | Aligarh Muslim University | University developed from MAO College. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Prarthana Samaj: M. G. Ranade and R. G. Bhandarkar were prominent associates; promoted women’s education and widow remarriage.
- Scientific Society: translated scientific and other modern works into accessible languages; part of Sir Syed’s educational programme.
- MAO qualification: the educational initiative began as a school in 1875; the college milestone is 1877. Neither date is the Scientific Society’s 1864 foundation.
- Zakir Husain: associated with Jamia Millia Islamia and later India’s presidency; not the founder of Sir Syed’s Scientific Society.
- Paramahansa Mandali: secretive reform activity and inter-dining challenged caste barriers. Do not confuse it with the later, publicly organised Prarthana Samaj.
Question 64
Consider the following statements:
(1) “Tuzuk-i-Baburi” was written in Pure Persian Language
(2) Poet Amir Khusro’s first Masnavi on Historical subject is Qiran-us-sadain, which was written in 1289
(3) “Jhanjhari Masjid” at Jaunpur was built by Hussain Shah
(4) Sufi Saint Sidi Maula was put to death by Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji for attempting a rebellion.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Statement 1 is false: Tuzuk-i-Baburi / Baburnama was originally written in Chagatai Turkic , not Persian. A major Persian translation was made under Akbar by Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan .
- Statement 2 is true: Amir Khusrau’s Qiran-us-Sadain (1289) narrates the meeting of Bughra Khan and his son Sultan Kaiqubad . It is conventionally described as his first historical masnavi.
- Statement 3 is false: Jhanjhari Masjid at Jaunpur was built by Ibrahim Shah Sharqi , not Hussain Shah.
- Statement 4 is accepted as true: Sidi Maula was executed under Jalaluddin Khalji after an alleged conspiracy. The allegation should not be rewritten as a judicially established historical fact.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • 1 and 4
Reject: 4 matches the conventional account, but Baburnama’s original language was Turkic.
b • 3 and 4
Reject: Jhanjhari Masjid belongs to Ibrahim Sharqi.
c • 2 and 3
Reject: 2 is correct; 3 misidentifies the builder.
d • 2 and 4
Correct: Qiran-us-Sadain—1289; Sidi Maula’s execution—Jalaluddin Khalji.
📚 Medieval texts: author, language and subject
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| Text | Author / language | Subject |
|---|---|---|
| Baburnama / Tuzuk-i-Baburi | Babur • Chagatai Turkic | Autobiographical memoir; observations on lands, people and events. |
| Humayun-nama | Gulbadan Begum • Persian | Mughal family history and Humayun’s life. |
| Akbarnama / Ain-i-Akbari | Abul Fazl • Persian | Akbar’s history; administration and institutions. |
| Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri | Jahangir • Persian | Imperial memoirs; later portions continued by others. |
| Qiran-us-Sadain | Amir Khusrau • Persian, 1289 | Meeting of Bughra Khan and Kaiqubad. |
| Miftah-ul-Futuh | Amir Khusrau • Persian | Victories of Jalaluddin Khalji. |
| Khazain-ul-Futuh | Amir Khusrau • Persian prose | Alauddin Khalji’s reign and victories. |
| Tughlaqnama | Amir Khusrau • Persian | Rise of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. |
📚 Jaunpur and Delhi: distinguishing associations
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| Monument / person | Association | Key note |
|---|---|---|
| Atala Masjid | Completed under Ibrahim Shah Sharqi in 1408 | Important model of Jaunpur architecture. |
| Jhanjhari Masjid | Ibrahim Shah Sharqi | On the northern bank of the Gomti; uploaded statement names the wrong ruler. |
| Jama Masjid, Jaunpur | Completed under Hussain Shah Sharqi | Do not transfer its patron to Jhanjhari Masjid. |
| Amir Khusrau | Disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya | Poet connected with the Chishti milieu and several Sultanate courts. |
| Jalaluddin Khalji | 1290–1296 | Founder of the Khalji dynasty; succeeded by Alauddin. |
| Sidi Maula | Executed under Jalaluddin | Political suspicion and an alleged conspiracy. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Baburnama as a source: valuable for geography, flora, fauna, warfare and Babur’s personal viewpoint; a memoir is not a neutral record of every event.
- Original versus translation: Persian translations of a Turkic work do not change the language in which it was first composed.
- Masnavi: a narrative poetic form in rhyming couplets; do not classify every Khusrau historical work as the same literary form.
- Jaunpur style: monumental gateways or pylons and distinctive mosque façades; study patronage as well as visual features.
- Historiography: court poets depended on patronage; praise, omission and political context matter when using their works as sources.
Question 65
Consider the following statements:
(1) Congress Socialist Party was established in 1933
(2) The book “Marx, Gandhi and Socialism” was written by Jaya Prakash Narayan
(3) The book “Radical Humanist” was written by M.N. Roy
(4) The book “Unhappy India’ was written by Lala Lajpat Rai.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- Statement 1 is false: the Congress Socialist Party was formed in 1934 , not 1933. Acharya Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan were central leaders.
- Statement 2 is false: Marx, Gandhi and Socialism was written by Rammanohar Lohia , not Jayaprakash Narayan.
- Statement 3 is imprecisely worded: The Radical Humanist is a journal associated with M. N. Roy , not properly described as a book written by him. It began as Independent India in 1937 and took the later name in 1949.
- Statement 4 is true: Unhappy India was written by Lala Lajpat Rai in response to Katherine Mayo’s Mother India .
- Therefore the uploaded (c), statements 1 and 4 , is not defensible. If statement 3 is intended merely to match Roy with his journal, (d), 3 and 4 , is the likely intended combination. Read literally as a book claim, only 4 is unambiguously true and no option fits.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • 2 and 4
Reject: 4 is true, but the author in 2 should be Lohia.
b • 2 and 3
Reject: 2 is false; 3 also needs the book/journal correction.
c • 1 and 4
Uploaded key, but wrong: CSP was founded in 1934, not 1933.
d • 3 and 4
Likely intended if “book” in 3 is understood as the journal associated with Roy. Not fully correct under a strict literal reading.
📚 Political thinkers: books, journals and ideas
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| Person | Work / organisation | Important distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Rammanohar Lohia | Marx, Gandhi and Socialism | Book; engages Marxism, Gandhian methods and Indian socialism. |
| Jayaprakash Narayan | Why Socialism? | Socialist leader; later associated with Sarvodaya and Total Revolution. |
| M. N. Roy | Independent India → The Radical Humanist | Journal: started 1937; renamed 1949. |
| M. N. Roy | Radical Democratic Party | Founded in 1940; later emphasis on Radical Humanism. |
| Lala Lajpat Rai | Unhappy India | 1928; answer to Katherine Mayo’s Mother India. |
| Lala Lajpat Rai | Young India; England’s Debt to India | Do not confuse his book Young India with Gandhi’s periodical of that name. |
| Katherine Mayo | Mother India | 1927; criticised by Indian nationalists for its portrayal of Indian society. |
📚 Congress Socialist Party: organisational revision
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| Aspect | Fact |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1934; organised within the Indian National Congress. |
| Leading figures | Acharya Narendra Deva, Jayaprakash Narayan, Rammanohar Lohia and others. |
| Initial leadership | Narendra Deva as president; Jayaprakash Narayan as general secretary. |
| Political goal | Combine independence with socialist transformation; organise workers and peasants. |
| Relationship to Congress | A socialist grouping inside Congress, not Congress’s original founding organisation. |
| Distinction from Communists | Socialists and Communists interacted and disagreed; CSP was not simply another name for the Communist Party. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Roy’s intellectual trajectory: revolutionary nationalism → international communism → Radical Humanism; do not treat his thought as unchanged throughout life.
- Radical Humanism: emphasised reason, individual freedom and ethical political action; distinct from orthodox Marxist party discipline.
- Lajpat Rai: “Punjab Kesari”; part of Lal–Bal–Pal; first president of AITUC in 1920; protested against the Simon Commission in 1928.
- Author traps: distinguish similarly titled books and periodicals; publisher catalogues are useful for confirming authorship.
Question 83
Match List I with List II:
List-I (Vijayanagar Kings):
a. Virupaksha-II
b. Achyuta Ray
c. Sriranga-I
d. Thimma
List-II (Dynasty):
i. Sangam
ii. Tuluva
iii. Aravidu
iv. Saluva
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- The correct matching is Virupaksha II—Sangama; Achyuta Raya—Tuluva; Sriranga I—Aravidu; Thimma—Saluva .
- Virupaksha II was a late Sangama ruler. The Saluva takeover in the late fifteenth century followed the weakening of Sangama power.
- Achyuta Deva Raya succeeded Krishnadevaraya and belonged to the Tuluva dynasty .
- Sriranga I belonged to the Aravidu dynasty , the ruling house that continued Vijayanagara kingship after the 1565 catastrophe.
- Thimma in this matching refers to Thimma Bhupala , son of Saluva Narasimha, who ruled briefly. It should not be confused with the minister Timmarusu.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • i, ii, iii, iv
Correct: Sangama, Tuluva, Aravidu, Saluva respectively.
b • ii, i, iv, iii
Reject: every dynasty assignment is wrong.
c • iv, ii, i, iii
Only Achyuta–Tuluva is correct; the other three fail.
d • iv, iii, ii, i
Reject: none of the four pairs matches the named ruler.
📚 Vijayanagara: the four dynasties
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| Dynasty | Conventional period / beginning | Important rulers |
|---|---|---|
| Sangama | 1336–1485 | Harihara I, Bukka I, Deva Raya I, Deva Raya II, Virupaksha II. |
| Saluva | 1485–1505 | Saluva Narasimha, Thimma Bhupala, Narasimha II. |
| Tuluva | 1505–1570 | Vira Narasimha, Krishnadevaraya, Achyuta Raya, Sadasiva Raya. |
| Aravidu | From 1570; later duration varies by political centre | Tirumala, Sriranga I, Venkata II and successors. |
📚 Vijayanagara culture and sources
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| Person / feature | Association | Revision fact |
|---|---|---|
| Krishnadevaraya | 1509–1529 • Tuluva | Amuktamalyada in Telugu; major literary and temple patron. |
| Deva Raya II | Sangama | Persian visitor Abdur Razzaq visited during his reign. |
| Domingo Paes | Portuguese traveller | Described Vijayanagara during Krishnadevaraya’s period. |
| Fernao Nuniz | Portuguese chronicler | Account associated with Achyuta Raya’s period. |
| Amara-nayaka system | Military chiefs assigned revenue rights | Supported troops and administration; not identical to modern private ownership. |
| Hampi | Imperial capital on the Tungabhadra | Virupaksha and Vitthala temple complexes. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Founding: conventionally 1336 under Harihara and Bukka; remember the Sangama origin before memorising later kings.
- Political geography: conflict with the Bahmani kingdom and successor Deccan sultanates often centred on fertile territories such as the Raichur Doab.
- Talikota / Rakshasi-Tangadi, 1565: defeat of the army led by Aliya Rama Raya; capital suffered devastation.
- Continuity: defeat in 1565 did not instantly end all Vijayanagara kingship. Aravidu rulers continued from centres including Penukonda and Chandragiri.
- Name trap: Saluva Narasimha, Narasimha II and Tuluva Vira Narasimha are different rulers.
Question 84
Match List I with List II:
List-I (Important wars):
a. First Carnatic War
b. Third Carnatic War
c. First Anglo-Mysore War
d. Second Anglo-Mysore War
List-II (End with Treaty):
i. Treaty of Madras
ii. Treaty of Mangalore
iii. Treaty of Paris
iv. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- First Carnatic War (1746–1748) ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748 . It formed part of the wider War of the Austrian Succession.
- Third Carnatic War (1756–1763) ended with the Treaty of Paris, 1763 . It was connected with the Seven Years’ War.
- First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) ended with the Treaty of Madras, 1769 . Haidar Ali forced the British to negotiate.
- Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, 1784 , concluded with Tipu Sultan after Haidar Ali’s death in 1782.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • iii, ii, i, iv
Only First Mysore–Madras is correct; the Carnatic treaties and Second Mysore treaty are wrong.
b • iv, ii, i, iii
First Carnatic and First Mysore are correct; Third Carnatic needs Paris and Second Mysore needs Mangalore.
c • iv, iii, i, ii
Correct: Aix-la-Chapelle → Paris → Madras → Mangalore.
d • iii, ii, iv, i
Reject: none of the war–treaty pairings is correct.
📚 Carnatic Wars: complete comparison
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| War | Dates | Outcome / key facts |
|---|---|---|
| First Carnatic War | 1746–1748 | Aix-la-Chapelle; Madras restored to the British. Battle of Adyar showed the effectiveness of European-trained troops. |
| Second Carnatic War | 1749–1754 | Succession struggles in Hyderabad and the Carnatic; Dupleix versus British influence; Clive’s capture of Arcot, 1751; Pondicherry settlement, 1754. |
| Third Carnatic War | 1756–1763 | British victory at Wandiwash, 1760; Pondicherry captured, 1761; Treaty of Paris, 1763. |
📚 Anglo-Mysore Wars: all four
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| War | Dates | Treaty / outcome |
|---|---|---|
| First | 1767–1769 | Treaty of Madras; provision for mutual assistance. |
| Second | 1780–1784 | Treaty of Mangalore; mutual restoration of conquests and prisoners. |
| Third | 1790–1792 | Treaty of Seringapatam; Tipu ceded about half his territory and paid an indemnity. |
| Fourth | 1799 | Tipu died defending Seringapatam; Mysore was partitioned and a Wodeyar ruler restored under British control. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Wandiwash, 1760: Eyre Coote defeated French forces under Count de Lally; a decisive military turning point in the Anglo-French contest.
- French survival: some trading settlements were restored in 1763, but France’s prospects of a territorial empire in India were severely weakened.
- Third Mysore War: Cornwallis led the British side, allied with the Nizam and the Marathas.
- Fourth Mysore War: associated with Governor-General Wellesley; it ended with conquest, not another equal treaty with Tipu.
- Chronology chain: 1748 Aix-la-Chapelle → 1763 Paris → 1769 Madras → 1784 Mangalore → 1792 Seringapatam.
- Mains connection: European rivalry, Indian succession disputes, alliances and revenue resources together explain Company expansion.
Question 85
Match List I with List II:
List-I (Important Battles/war):
a. Battle of Machhiwara
b. Battle of Bilgram
c. Battle of Rakshasi-Tangadi
d. Battle of Dohariya
List-II (Year):
i. 1532
ii. 1565
iii. 1555
iv. 1540
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed Explanation
- The correct matching is Machhiwara—1555; Bilgram—1540; Rakshasi-Tangadi—1565; Dohariya—1532 .
- Machhiwara, 1555: Mughal forces under Bairam Khan defeated Afghan opponents during Humayun’s campaign to recover north India.
- Bilgram / Kannauj, 1540: Sher Shah defeated Humayun, forcing him out of power in north India and consolidating Sur rule.
- Rakshasi-Tangadi / Talikota, 1565: a coalition of Deccan sultanates defeated Vijayanagara’s army led by Aliya Rama Raya.
- Dohariya / Daurah, 1532: Humayun defeated Afghan forces associated with Mahmud Lodi. It predates both Chausa and Bilgram.
🔍 All Options Explained
a • i, iv, iii, ii
Only Bilgram–1540 is right. Machhiwara is 1555, Talikota is 1565, and Dohariya is 1532.
b • i, iv, ii, iii
Bilgram and Talikota are right; Machhiwara and Dohariya are exchanged.
c • iii, iv, i, ii
Machhiwara and Bilgram are right; Talikota and Dohariya are wrong.
d • iii, iv, ii, i
Correct: 1555, 1540, 1565, 1532.
📚 Early Mughal battles: chronological master list
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| Year | Battle | Participants and result |
|---|---|---|
| 1526 | First Panipat | Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi; beginning of Mughal rule. |
| 1527 | Khanwa | Babur defeated Rana Sanga and allies. |
| 1528 | Chanderi | Babur defeated Medini Rai. |
| 1529 | Ghaghra | Babur defeated Afghan opponents; important riverine campaign. |
| 1532 | Dohariya / Daurah | Humayun defeated Afghan forces associated with Mahmud Lodi. |
| 1539 | Chausa | Sher Khan defeated Humayun; adopted the royal title Sher Shah. |
| 1540 | Bilgram / Kannauj | Sher Shah again defeated Humayun; Mughal displacement. |
| 1555 | Machhiwara and Sirhind | Victories enabled Humayun’s restoration. |
| 1556 | Second Panipat | Mughal forces under Bairam Khan defeated Hemu; consolidated Akbar’s position. |
| 1565 | Talikota / Rakshasi-Tangadi | Deccan coalition defeated Vijayanagara; separate from Mughal–Sur conflict. |
📚 Rule, exile and restoration
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| Period / event | Core fact |
|---|---|
| Humayun’s first reign | 1530–1540. |
| Sur interlude | 1540–1555; Sher Shah and successors. |
| Humayun’s exile | Spent time outside India; obtained Safavid support. |
| Restoration | Returned to power in Delhi in 1555. |
| Humayun’s death | 1556; Akbar succeeded him. |
| Talikota aftermath | Capital devastated; Vijayanagara rule continued under later rulers rather than ending everywhere at once. |
🎯 Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Battle names: Bilgram and Kannauj name the same 1540 defeat; Rakshasi-Tangadi and Talikota refer to the same 1565 battle.
- Mahmud Lodi versus Sher Shah: both were Afghan opponents in this narrative, but they are different personalities.
- Sher Shah’s administration: revenue organisation, improved roads and sarais, and a standard silver rupiya are key related facts.
- Machhiwara versus Sirhind: both belong to 1555 but were separate engagements in the restoration campaign.
- Chronology shortcut: Dohariya before exile; Bilgram causes displacement; Machhiwara aids restoration; Talikota is later and in the Deccan.
Quick Answer Revision
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 | (b) Tiruttakkatevar |
| 23 | (d) Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct |
| 24 | (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect |
| 43 | (a) 4, 3, 2, 1 |
| 44 | (c) 1, 4, 3, 2 |
| 63 | (a) 3 and 4 only |
| 64 | (d) 2 and 4 only |
| 65 | Supplied key (c) is incorrect; statement 3 requires a wording qualification |
| 83 | (a) i, ii, iii, iv |
| 84 | (c) iv, iii, i, ii |
| 85 | (d) iii, iv, ii, i |
question 23 :
Muslim Socio-Religious Reform Movements
1. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan & The Aligarh Movement
Early Career: Joined East India Company as a Clerk in 1838. Rose to the position of Judge (Munsif).
Strategy: To create a new class of Muslim intellectuals who could compete in the modern world.
1864
Aligarh Scientific Society: Goal was to translate Western Scientific knowledge into Urdu to make modern knowledge accessible. Originally founded in Ghazipur, later shifted to Aligarh.
1870
Journal Started: Tazhib-ul-Akhlaq
1875
Aligarh Movement Begins: Foundation of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) High School.
1877
MAO College: School upgraded to college. Foundation stone laid by Lord Lytton. (Later became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920).
1886
Conference: Organised the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference.
1888
Honors: Granted Knighthood (KCSI: Knight Commander of the Star of India).
1888
Political Org: United Indian Patriotic Association established with Raja Shiv Prasad of Benares.
1893
Defense Org: Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Defence Association (Muslims only) formed with Theodore Beck.
Important Books by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
- Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind (1858) – The Causes of the Indian Revolt
- The Loyal Muhammadans of India (1860)
2. Summary of Movements
| S.No | Movement | Year | Nature of Movement |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Wahabi Movement | 1820s | Revivalist |
| 2 | Faraizi Movement | 1818-19 | Revivalist |
| 3 | Titu Mir Movement (Narkelbaria Uprising) | 1827-31 | Revivalist (Militant) |
| 4 | Nawab Abdul Latif (Muhammadan Literary Society) | 1863 | Reformist |
| 5 | Deoband Movement | 1866 | Revivalist |
| 6 | Aligarh Movement | 1875 | Reformist |
| 7 | Ahmadiya Movement | 1889 | Reformist |
| 8 | Barelvi Movement | 1904 | Revivalist |
3. Key Leaders Associated with the Movements
Wahabi Movement
- Abdul Wahab of Arabia
- Shah Walliullah of Delhi
- Syed Ahmed Barelvi
- Shah Ismail Dehlvi
- Vilayat Ali
Faraizi Movement
- Haji Shariatullah
- Dudu Miyan
Deoband Movement
- Muhammad Qasim Nanotavi
- Rashid Ahmad Gangohi
Other Key Figures
- Titu Mir: Influenced by Syed Ahmed Barelvi
- Aligarh: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
- Ahmadiya: Mirza Ghulam Ahmed
- Barelvi: Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
- Nawab Abdul Latif: Set up the Muhammadan Literary Society (1863)