Option A. Rajaraja II is the correct builder. Darasuram is near Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu. Airavatesvara is the commonly used spelling of the temple name.

Option B. Kulothunga III is associated with the Kampaharesvara Temple at Tribhuvanam. This is another later Chola temple, which makes him a plausible distractor.

Option C. Parantaka I was an earlier Chola ruler. The Uttaramerur inscriptions of his period are important evidence for village administration and the selection of committee members.

Option D. Nedum Cheralathan belonged to the Chera tradition of the Sangam age. He was neither a Chola king nor the builder of this medieval Chola temple.

Option A. Karnabhara, attributed to Bhasa, focuses on Karna and his burden of fate, duty and generosity. The surrender of his protective armour and earrings is central to the dramatic situation.

Option B. Urubhanga, attributed to Bhasa, presents the wounded Duryodhana after his combat with Bhima. It gives the defeated warrior a notably sympathetic and tragic treatment.

Option C. Dutavakya, written as “Dutvakya” in the option, is attributed to Bhasa. It concerns Krishna’s embassy to the Kaurava court before the war.

Option D. Shishupalavadha is by Magha. Its subject is Krishna’s killing of Shishupala, connected with Yudhishthira’s royal sacrifice. It is poetry rather than one of Bhasa’s plays.

Option A. Pietro della Valle was an Italian traveller from Rome. His seventeenth-century journeys included India, and his letters describe places, people and customs.

Option B. John Fryer was an English physician and traveller. His account, A New Account of East-India and Persia, records observations from his travels in the seventeenth century.

Option C. Niccolao Manucci was an Italian associated with Mughal India. His Storia do Mogor is an important European narrative of the Mughal world.

Option D. Joannes de Laet, also called Johannes de Laet, was Dutch. He was a geographer and compiler; do not assume from this list that he personally travelled in India.

Option A. Ahmed Yadgaar, usually written Ahmad Yadgar, is associated with Tarikh-i-Salatin-i-Afghana, a history of Afghan rulers in India. He is not the author of Tarikh-i-Rashidi.

Option B. Mirza Haidar Dughlat is the correct author. He was a military and political figure as well as a historian, and ruled Kashmir during the sixteenth century.

Option C. Gulam Hussain here refers to Ghulam Husain Khan Tabatabai, associated with Siyar-ul-Mutakhkhirin. That work concerns a much later period, including eighteenth-century political change.

Option D. Shaikh Rizqullah Mushtaqui is associated with Waqiat-i-Mushtaqi, a source for the Afghan and early Mughal political and social world.

Option A. C. V. Raman carried out important experimental work at IACS. The Raman effect was discovered in 1928, and he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930; he was not the institution’s founder.

Option B. Mahendra Lal Sarkar is the correct answer. A physician and advocate of scientific education, he worked to establish an institution where Indians could pursue experimental science.

Option C. Father Eugène Lafont was a Jesuit priest and science educator at St Xavier’s College, Calcutta. He supported scientific education and was associated with the early scientific movement around IACS.

Option D. Ashutosh Mukherjee was a major educationist associated with the University of Calcutta and the expansion of higher education and research. He did not found IACS.

Option A. Florence Nightingale is the correct attribution. She is remembered for nursing reform and statistical work, and also took a sustained interest in sanitation and public health in India.

Option B. P. E. Roberts was a historian of British India. The quotation in this question is not attributed to him.

Option C. Lovat Fraser was a British journalist and commentator on imperial affairs. He is not the accepted speaker of this quotation.

Option D. Eric Stokes was a historian known for scholarship on colonial India, including The English Utilitarians and India. The quotation is not attributed to him.

Option A. Aurobindo Ghosh was a nationalist thinker who later developed a major philosophical and spiritual body of work. He is not the speaker identified by this quotation.

Option B. Rabindranath Tagore is the correct answer. The poet and educationist viewed Rammohan Roy as a figure who understood the demands and possibilities of the modern age.

Option C. Sumit Sarkar is a historian associated with scholarship on modern India and the Swadeshi movement. This quotation is not attributed to him.

Option D. Barun De was a historian of India. His presence as an option should not distract from the established attribution to Tagore.

Option A. Annihilation of Caste was published in 1936. It developed from a speech prepared for a reform organisation that was not delivered after disagreement over its content, and presents a fundamental critique of caste.

Option B. States and Minorities, published in 1947, sets out proposals for rights and constitutional safeguards, including protections for disadvantaged communities and economic arrangements.

Option C. What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, published in 1945, examines political claims and representation concerning the communities then described by that term. The wording in the question is retained.

Option D. India in Transition, published in 1922, is by M. N. Roy. Roy was a revolutionary and political thinker who later developed Radical Humanism.

Option A. The Sadler Commission was appointed in 1917 and worked during 1917–1919. It examined Calcutta University and the wider relationship between school, intermediate and university education.

Option B. The Hunter Education Commission belongs to 1882, not 1887. It emphasised primary and secondary education, including the role of local bodies in primary schooling.

Option C. The Hartog Committee reported in 1929. It stressed educational quality and drew attention to wastage and stagnation in primary education.

Option D. The Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904 under Curzon. It followed the Universities Commission of 1902 and increased official supervision while seeking changes in university standards and organisation.

Option A. Rome is the capital of Italy, but it is not the city associated with this committee. The question concerns the German centre of wartime revolutionary activity.

Option B. Berlin, Germany, is correct. The committee emerged in 1914; the Indian Independence Committee name is associated with its subsequent organisation during the war.

Option C. London was associated with India House, established by Shyamji Krishna Varma in 1905. That organisation should be distinguished from the Berlin Committee.

Option D. Paris was an important centre for Indian revolutionary exiles, including Bhikaji Cama. It was not the location of the committee asked about here.