hpas 2016 environmnt

HPAS 2016 Environment & Ecology Topic-Wise Solutions

HPAS 2016 Environment & Ecology Solutions

Question 81

The number of Wetlands in India listed under Ramsar Convention is:

  • (a) 35
  • (b) 21
  • (c) 26
  • (d) 39
Correct Answer: (c) 26
πŸ’‘ Relevant Detailed Explanation

While the historically correct answer for this past exam question was (c) 26, the number has grown significantly. As of August 2026, there are now 101 Ramsar Sites in India. Here is the complete state-wise breakdown for your current exam preparation:

Relevance for Prelims: Complete State-Wise List of Ramsar Sites (101 Sites)

  • Andhra Pradesh (1):
    • Kolleru Lake
  • Arunachal Pradesh (1):
    • Glaw Lake (The 101st site added)
  • Assam (1):
    • Deepor Beel
  • Bihar (6):
    • Gogabeel Lake
    • Gokul Reservoir
    • Kanwar Taal (Kabar Taal)
    • Nagi Bird Sanctuary
    • Nakti Bird Sanctuary
    • Udaypur Lake
  • Chhattisgarh (1):
    • Kopra Reservoir
  • Goa (1):
    • Nanda Lake
  • Gujarat (5):
    • Chhari-Dhand
    • Khijadiya
    • Nalsarovar
    • Thol Lake
    • Wadhvana Wetland
  • Haryana (2):
    • Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Sultanpur National Park
  • Himachal Pradesh (3):
    • Chandra Taal
    • Pong Dam Lake
    • Renuka Lake
  • Jammu and Kashmir (5):
    • Hokersar Wetland
    • Hygam Wetland
    • Shallabugh Wetland
    • Surinsar-Mansar Lakes
    • Wular Lake
  • Jharkhand (1):
    • Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary
  • Karnataka (4):
    • Aghanashini Estuary
    • Ankasamudra Bird Conservation Reserve
    • Magadi Kere Conservation Reserve
    • Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary
  • Kerala (3):
    • Ashtamudi Wetland
    • Sasthamkotta Lake
    • Vembanad-Kol Wetland
  • Ladakh (2):
    • Tso Kar
    • Tsomoriri Lake
  • Madhya Pradesh (5):
    • Bhoj Wetland
    • Sakhya Sagar
    • Sirpur Lake
    • Tawa Reservoir
    • Yashwant Sagar
  • Maharashtra (3):
    • Lonar Lake
    • Nandur Madhameshwar
    • Thane Creek
  • Manipur (1):
    • Loktak Lake
  • Mizoram (1):
    • Pala Wetland
  • Odisha (6):
    • Ansupa Lake
    • Bhitarkanika Mangroves
    • Chilika Lake
    • Hirakud Reservoir
    • Satkosia Gorge
    • Tampara Lake
  • Punjab (6):
    • Beas Conservation Reserve
    • Harike Wetland
    • Kanjli Wetland
    • Keshopur-Miani Community Reserve
    • Nangal Wildlife Sanctuary
    • Ropar Wetland
  • Rajasthan (5):
    • Keoladeo National Park
    • Khichan Wetland
    • Menar Wetland Complex
    • Sambhar Lake
    • Siliserh Lake
  • Sikkim (1):
    • Khecheopalri Wetland
  • Tamil Nadu (20):
    • Chitrangudi
    • Gulf of Mannar
    • Kanjirankulam
    • Karaivetti
    • Karikili
    • Kazhuveli
    • Koonthankulam
    • Longwood Shola
    • Nanjarayan
    • Pallikaranai
    • Pichavaram
    • Point Calimere
    • Sakkarakottai
    • Suchindram-Theroor
    • Therthangal
    • Udayamarthandapuram
    • Vaduvur
    • Vedanthangal
    • Vellode
    • Vembannur
  • Tripura (1):
    • Rudrasagar Lake
  • Uttar Pradesh (13):
    • Bakhira
    • Haiderpur
    • Jai Prakash Narayan (Surha Tal)
    • Nawabganj
    • Parvati Arga
    • Patna Bird Sanctuary
    • Saman
    • Samaspur
    • Sandi
    • Sarsai Nawar
    • Shekha Jheel
    • Sur Sarovar
    • Upper Ganga River
  • Uttarakhand (1):
    • Asan Barrage
  • West Bengal (2):
    • East Kolkata Wetlands
    • Sundarban Wetland

Relevance for Prelims: High-Yield Facts

  • State with the Most Sites: Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar sites (20), followed by Uttar Pradesh (13).
  • Largest vs. Smallest: The Sundarban Wetland in West Bengal is the largest in India. Renuka Wetland in Himachal Pradesh and Vembannur in Tamil Nadu share the title of the smallest.
  • Montreux Record: Only two Indian sites are currently listed on the Montreux Record (a register of wetlands under severe ecological threat): Keoladeo National Park (Rajasthan) and Loktak Lake (Manipur).
Question 82

India ratified the (Stockholm Convention for protecting human health and the environment from persistent organic pollutants in:

  • (a) 2005
  • (b) 2006
  • (c) 2002
  • (d) 2010
Correct Answer: (b) 2006
πŸ’‘ Relevant Detailed Explanation
1. Context & Definition

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2. Core Mechanism

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3. Analytical Breakdown

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4. Secondary Impacts

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5. HPAS Exam Relevance

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Question 83

Which of the following represents the major loss to the human kind due to environmental degradation?

  • (a) Ecosystem goods
  • (b) Ecosystem services
  • (c) Ecosystem- based tourism
  • (d) Ecosystem- dependent tribes
Correct Answer: (b) Ecosystem services
πŸ’‘ Relevant Detailed Explanation
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4. Secondary Impacts

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Question 84

United Nations has declared 2017 as the International Year of:

  • (a) Sustainable tourism for development
  • (b) Pulses
  • (c) Light and Light-Based Technologies
  • (d) Soils
Correct Answer: (a) Sustainable tourism for development
πŸ’‘ Relevant Detailed Explanation
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Question 85

The global agreement that deals with the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal is called:

  • (a) Basel Convention
  • (b) Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
  • (c) International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
  • (d) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Correct Answer: (a) Basel Convention
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4. Secondary Impacts

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Question 86

Which of the following is the most promising biodiesel crop?

  • (a) Sugarcane
  • (b) Soybean
  • (c) Switch grass
  • (d) Oat
Correct Answer: (a) or (b)
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Question 87

The biological oxygen demand of water is reduced mainly by:

  • (a) Primary treatment
  • (b) Secondary treatment
  • (c) Tertiary treatment
  • (d) None of the above
Correct Answer: (b) Secondary treatment
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Question 88

Dead zones in the world’s oceans and large lakes are characterized by:

  • (a) High biological oxygen demand
  • (b) Excessive bloom of algae
  • (c) Excess nutrients like nitrated and phosphates
  • (d) All of the above
Correct Answer: (d) All of the above
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Question 89

The use of carbon tax has been very successful to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in:

  • (a) The United States of America
  • (b) China
  • (c) Sweden
  • (d) Australia
Correct Answer: (a) or (b)
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Question 90

One of the better achievements of Kanha National Park is:

  • (a) Conservation of tiger from near extinction
  • (b) Conservation of swamp deer from near extinction
  • (c) Conservation of Gaur from near extinction
  • (d) Conservation of bison from near extinction
Correct Answer: (b) Conservation of swamp deer from near extinction
πŸ’‘ Relevant Detailed Explanation
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4. Secondary Impacts

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