History Topic-Wise Solutions
& Complete Revision Notes
Go beyond the answer: revise personalities, organisations, chronology, policies and related exam facts for every question.
Questions and options follow the supplied text. Expanded explanations and revision notes are added below. Q28 has no fully correct option as supplied; Q30 has a disputed year. These issues are marked separately. This study aid does not claim to reproduce an authenticated official final answer key.
Question 16
Who wrote it, “If the producers are crippled, the farmers are burdened with taxes and a huge amount of the revenue is sent out of the country, then any country in the world will become permanently poor and will have to face famine again and again.”
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
R. C. Dutt: the economic roots of poverty and famine
- The intended answer is Ramesh Chandra Dutt (Romesh Chunder Dutt) . The passage links weakened production, excessive agricultural taxation and the export of Indian revenues to persistent poverty and famine.
- Dutt was an Indian Civil Service officer, economic historian and Moderate nationalist . He argued that British economic policy intensified rural distress; drought alone could not explain the severity of famines.
- The argument connects land-revenue pressure → peasant indebtedness and reduced savings → vulnerability to crop failure . The outward transfer of income also limited investment within India.
- The drain of wealth meant a transfer of resources abroad without an equivalent economic return to India. Naoroji was its best-known exponent, but Dutt also developed the economic critique of colonialism.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • Dadabhai Naoroji
A plausible distractor because of the drain theory. Author of Poverty and Un-British Rule in India (1901); founded the East India Association in London in 1866.
B • Ramesh Chandra Dutt
Correct. His economic histories examined land revenue, agriculture, industry and the effects of British rule. He presided over the Lucknow Congress session in 1899.
C • Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Moderate leader, advocate of financial accountability and education, and founder of the Servants of India Society in 1905. Not the author identified in this question.
D • Anand Mohan Bose
Co-founder of the Indian Association in 1876 with Surendranath Banerjea; president of the Madras Congress session in 1898. Not the intended author.
📚 Economic nationalism: thinkers and writings
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| Thinker / work | Date / association | What to revise |
|---|---|---|
| Naoroji • Poverty and Un-British Rule in India | 1901 | Drain theory; Indian poverty; “Grand Old Man of India.” |
| R. C. Dutt • The Economic History of India under Early British Rule | 1902 | Economic changes under Company rule. |
| R. C. Dutt • The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age | 1904 | Agrarian and economic effects of later colonial rule. |
| M. G. Ranade • Essays on Indian Economics | 1898 | Industrial development and economic reform. |
| Gokhale • Servants of India Society | 1905 | Training workers for public service; constitutional reform. |
📚 Main channels and effects of the drain
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| Channel / process | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Home Charges | Payments in Britain charged to Indian revenues, including administrative and pension obligations. |
| Salaries, pensions and remittances | Part of income earned in India was spent or transferred abroad. |
| Interest and profits | Payments to overseas creditors and investors moved income out of India. |
| Export surplus without equivalent inflow | Nationalists argued that part of India’s exports financed external charges rather than domestic development. |
| Economic consequence | Reduced domestic accumulation; stronger links between taxation, debt and rural vulnerability. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Deindustrialisation: decline of many traditional handicrafts under competition, changing markets and colonial policy; displaced workers often fell back on agriculture.
- Commercialisation of agriculture: increased production for markets and export; it did not automatically improve cultivators’ security.
- Moderate method: petitions, speeches, budget criticism and statistical evidence exposed the contradiction between imperial claims and Indian poverty.
- Mains connection: explain famine through rainfall failure together with purchasing power, revenue demands, debt and policy responses.
Question 19
Given below are two statements:
Statement I:
The author of the book “Pakistan or the Partition of India” was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Statement II:
The childhood name of Swami Ramakrishna Paramhansa was ‘Gadadhar’.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Both statements are correct: Ambedkar and Ramakrishna
- Statement I is correct: B. R. Ambedkar wrote Pakistan or the Partition of India . It analyses the Pakistan demand, communal politics and the practical questions surrounding partition.
- Statement II is correct: Ramakrishna Paramahamsa’s childhood name was Gadadhar , usually given as Gadadhar Chattopadhyay.
- Ambedkar’s earlier Thoughts on Pakistan (1940) preceded the enlarged work published under the later title in 1945 . Keep title changes separate from unrelated books.
- Ramakrishna was associated with Dakshineswar near Calcutta. His teachings emphasised spiritual experience and the possibility of approaching the divine through different religious paths.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • Both correct
Correct: Ambedkar authored the book, and Gadadhar was Ramakrishna’s childhood name.
B • Both incorrect
Reject: neither statement contains the proposed error.
C • I correct, II incorrect
Reject: Gadadhar is correctly associated with Ramakrishna.
D • I incorrect, II correct
Reject: the book is indeed Ambedkar’s.
📚 Ambedkar: books and political milestones
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| Work / event | Year | Exam association |
|---|---|---|
| The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution | 1923 | Monetary history and currency policy. |
| Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha | 1924 | Education and social advancement of oppressed castes. |
| Annihilation of Caste | 1936 | Critique of caste; originally an undelivered address. |
| Independent Labour Party | 1936 | Political organisation concerned with labour and oppressed groups. |
| Thoughts on Pakistan | 1940 | Earlier study of the Pakistan question. |
| Scheduled Castes Federation | 1942 | Distinct from the Independent Labour Party. |
| Pakistan or the Partition of India | 1945 | Expanded treatment of the partition question. |
| The Buddha and His Dhamma | 1957, posthumous | Exposition of Buddhism. |
📚 Religious personalities: original names and institutions
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| Personality | Original / childhood name | Institution / association |
|---|---|---|
| Ramakrishna Paramahamsa | Gadadhar Chattopadhyay | Dakshineswar; guru of Vivekananda. |
| Swami Vivekananda | Narendranath Datta | Ramakrishna Mission, 1897. |
| Swami Dayananda Saraswati | Mool Shankar | Arya Samaj, Bombay, 1875. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Ramakrishna Mission: founded by Vivekananda, not Ramakrishna himself; combines spiritual teaching with education, relief and service.
- Chicago, 1893: Vivekananda addressed the Parliament of Religions; this precedes the Mission’s founding in 1897.
- Ambedkar’s constitutional role: chairman of the Drafting Committee; independent India’s first Law Minister.
- Poona Pact, 1932: provided reserved seats for the Depressed Classes within joint electorates instead of the separate electorates proposed in the Communal Award.
Question 20
Given below are two statements:
Statement I:
“Bhartiya Rashtriya Samajik Sammelan” was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1883.
Statement II:
Veda Samaj was established in 1867 at Karnataka.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Both statements are incorrect: correct the founder, year and place
- Statement I is incorrect: the Indian National Social Conference, rendered here as “Bhartiya Rashtriya Samajik Sammelan,” is associated with M. G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao . Its first session was held at Madras in 1887 .
- Dayananda Saraswati founded Arya Samaj at Bombay in 1875 . He died in 1883; the statement combines the wrong organisation, founder and date.
- Statement II is incorrect: Veda Samaj was established at Madras in 1864 , not Karnataka in 1867. Keshab Chandra Sen’s visit and Brahmo ideas influenced its emergence.
- The Social Conference promoted reform of practices such as child marriage and restrictions on widows. It met alongside Congress sessions but should not be confused with Congress itself.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • Both correct
Reject: each statement has factual errors.
B • Both incorrect
Correct. Social Conference: Ranade/Raghunath Rao, 1887; Veda Samaj: Madras, 1864.
C • I correct, II incorrect
Reject: Statement I does not describe Dayananda’s Arya Samaj correctly.
D • I incorrect, II correct
Reject: both the location and year of Veda Samaj are wrong.
📚 Socio-religious organisations: comparative revision
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| Organisation | Founder / leaders | Year and place |
|---|---|---|
| Brahmo Sabha / Brahmo Samaj | Rammohan Roy | 1828 • Calcutta. |
| Paramahansa Mandali | Dadoba Pandurang and associates | 1849 • Bombay. |
| Veda Samaj | Influenced by Keshab Chandra Sen; later associated with K. Sridharalu Naidu | 1864 • Madras. |
| Prarthana Samaj | Atmaram Pandurang; supported by Ranade and R. G. Bhandarkar | 1867 • Bombay. |
| Satyashodhak Samaj | Jyotiba Phule | 1873 • Pune. |
| Arya Samaj | Dayananda Saraswati | 1875 • Bombay. |
| Indian Social Conference | M. G. Ranade and Raghunath Rao | 1887 • first session at Madras. |
| Ramakrishna Mission | Swami Vivekananda | 1897. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Brahmo tradition: monotheism, criticism of idol worship and social reform; later divided into different organisations.
- Arya Samaj: upheld Vedic authority and opposed idol worship; associated with Satyarth Prakash and the call to return to the Vedas.
- Prarthana Samaj: encouraged women’s education, widow remarriage and social reform in western India.
- Veda Samaj versus Arya Samaj: their names both evoke the Vedas, but they are distinct movements with different origins.
- Social versus political reform: reformers linked education and social equality to national progress, while Congress initially concentrated on political demands.
Question 22
Arrange the following events related to Indian History in chronological order:
(1) Formation of East India Association in London
(2) Formation of India League in Calcutta
(3) Formation of Satyashodhak Samaj
(4) Establishment of Bihar Scientific Society.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Chronology: 1866 → 1868 → 1873 → 1875
- The correct sequence is East India Association → Bihar Scientific Society’s institutional origin → Satyashodhak Samaj → India League : (1), (4), (3), (2) , option B.
- East India Association: established by Dadabhai Naoroji in London, 1866 to present Indian concerns to British opinion.
- Bihar Scientific Society: traced to an association founded by Imdad Ali at Muzaffarpur in 1868 . It promoted scientific knowledge through Indian languages.
- Satyashodhak Samaj: founded by Jyotiba Phule in Pune, 1873 , for social equality and opposition to caste oppression.
- India League: founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh at Calcutta in 1875 , to encourage political awareness and nationalism.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • 4, 2, 1, 3
Reject: it places the 1866 East India Association after organisations originating in 1868 and 1875.
B • 1, 4, 3, 2
Correct: 1866, 1868, 1873, 1875.
C • 1, 4, 2, 3
Reject: it reverses India League (1875) and Satyashodhak Samaj (1873).
D • 4, 1, 3, 2
Reject: East India Association (1866) comes before the 1868 Bihar organisation.
📚 Four organisations: dates, founders and objectives
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| Organisation | Year / place | Founder and purpose |
|---|---|---|
| East India Association | 1866 • London | Dadabhai Naoroji; explain Indian grievances to British audiences. |
| Bihar Scientific Society: origins | 1868 • Muzaffarpur | Imdad Ali; translation and dissemination of modern scientific learning. |
| Satyashodhak Samaj | 1873 • Pune | Jyotiba Phule; caste equality and education. |
| India League | 1875 • Calcutta | Sisir Kumar Ghosh; political consciousness. |
📚 Similar names that cause confusion
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| Name | Identity |
|---|---|
| East India Association | Naoroji; London; 1866. |
| Indian Association | Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Bose; Calcutta; 1876. |
| India League in this question | Calcutta organisation of 1875; not the later London India League associated with V. K. Krishna Menon. |
| Scientific Society associated with Sir Syed | Established in 1864 at Ghazipur; subsequently associated with Aligarh. |
| Bihar Scientific Society | Imdad Ali; Muzaffarpur; institutional origin in 1868. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Name-change qualification: historical research traces the Muzaffarpur body to 1868 and the name “Bihar Scientific Society” to 1872. Both dates still place it before 1873 and after 1866.
- Phule’s wider work: he and Savitribai Phule pioneered girls’ education at Pune in 1848; his Gulamgiri appeared in 1873.
- Science and reform: translation societies sought to widen access to modern learning beyond English-speaking elites.
- Chronology technique: date each item separately before reading combinations; do not rely on similar-sounding organisational names.
Question 23
Arrange these Pre-Congress Associations in chronological order:
(1) Indian Association
(2) Bombay Presidency Association
(3) British Indian Association
(4) Poona Sarvajanik Sabha.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Pre-Congress associations: 1851 → 1870 → 1876 → 1885
- The order is British Indian Association → Poona Sarvajanik Sabha → Indian Association → Bombay Presidency Association : (3), (4), (1), (2) .
- The British Indian Association (1851) emerged at Calcutta from the merger of the Landholders’ Society and Bengal British India Society. It initially reflected substantial landed interests.
- The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) presented public grievances and sought a representative link between people and government. G. V. Joshi and M. G. Ranade were important figures.
- The Indian Association (1876) , founded by Surendranath Banerjea and Anand Mohan Bose, sought a broader political base and campaigned on civil-service and other public issues.
- The Bombay Presidency Association (1885) was associated with Pherozeshah Mehta, K. T. Telang and Badruddin Tyabji.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • 1, 3, 4, 2
Reject: Indian Association (1876) cannot precede British Indian Association (1851).
B • 3, 1, 2, 4
Reject: Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) cannot be last.
C • 3, 4, 1, 2
Correct: 1851 → 1870 → 1876 → 1885.
D • 3, 4, 2, 1
Reject: Indian Association (1876) precedes Bombay Presidency Association (1885).
📚 Pre-Congress political organisation: wider timeline
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| Year | Organisation | Place / leaders |
|---|---|---|
| 1838 | Landholders’ Society | Calcutta; landed interests. |
| 1843 | Bengal British India Society | Calcutta; political information and advocacy. |
| 1851 | British Indian Association | Calcutta; Debendranath Tagore and Radhakanta Deb. |
| 1852 | Bombay Association | Bombay; early regional political body. |
| 1852 | Madras Native Association | Madras; Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty. |
| 1866 | East India Association | London; Dadabhai Naoroji. |
| 1870 | Poona Sarvajanik Sabha | Poona; G. V. Joshi, Ranade and associates. |
| 1876 | Indian Association | Calcutta; Banerjea and Bose. |
| 1884 | Madras Mahajana Sabha | G. Subramania Iyer, P. Anandacharlu and M. Viraraghavachariar. |
| 1885 | Bombay Presidency Association | Mehta, Telang and Tyabji. |
| 1885 | Indian National Congress | First session in Bombay; A. O. Hume played an organising role. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Political significance: these bodies developed petitions, public meetings, press campaigns and discussion of administrative reform.
- Common demands: greater Indian participation in administration, civil-service reform, legal equality and a more accountable government.
- Limitations: many early bodies were regional and dominated by educated or propertied groups; their social reach was narrower than later mass movements.
- National connection: networks created by regional associations helped make an all-India Congress possible.
- Do not merge: Bombay Association (1852) and Bombay Presidency Association (1885) are different organisations.
Question 25
Consider the following statements:
(1) Paramhansa Mandali was established in Madras.
(2) Alfred Webb was the first Englishman to become the President of Indian National Congress.
(3) Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim to become the President of Indian National Congress.
(4) The Indian National Congress did not participate in the Third Round Table Conference held in London.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Statements 3 and 4 are correct
- Statement 1 is false: Paramahansa Mandali was founded in Bombay in 1849 , not Madras. Dadoba Pandurang and associates were involved in this early reform body.
- Statement 2 is false: George Yule was the first British president of Congress, at Allahabad in 1888 . Alfred Webb, an Irish parliamentarian, presided at Madras in 1894 .
- Statement 3 is true: Badruddin Tyabji became the first Muslim Congress president at Madras in 1887 .
- Statement 4 is true: Congress did not participate in the Third Round Table Conference (1932) . Gandhi attended the second conference in 1931 as Congress’s representative.
- The phrase “first Englishman” is commonly used in exam material for Yule, but he was Scottish-born ; “first British president” is more precise.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • 1 and 3
Reject: 3 is true, but the Mandali was established in Bombay.
B • 2 and 3
Reject: 3 is true, but Alfred Webb was not the first British president.
C • 3 and 4
Correct: Tyabji was first Muslim president; Congress stayed out of the third conference.
D • 1 and 4
Reject: 4 is true, but 1 names the wrong city.
📚 Congress presidents: frequently tested firsts
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| President | Session / year | Distinction |
|---|---|---|
| W. C. Bonnerjee | Bombay • 1885 | First Congress president. |
| Dadabhai Naoroji | Calcutta • 1886 | Second session; later presidencies in 1893 and 1906. |
| Badruddin Tyabji | Madras • 1887 | First Muslim president. |
| George Yule | Allahabad • 1888 | First British president; Scottish-born. |
| Alfred Webb | Madras • 1894 | Irish supporter of Indian nationalism. |
| Annie Besant | Calcutta • 1917 | First woman Congress president. |
| Mahatma Gandhi | Belgaum • 1924 | His only Congress presidency. |
| Sarojini Naidu | Kanpur • 1925 | First Indian woman Congress president. |
📚 Round Table Conferences: participation and context
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| Conference | Dates | Congress / significance |
|---|---|---|
| First | November 1930–January 1931 | Congress absent; Civil Disobedience underway. |
| Second | September–December 1931 | Gandhi attended after the Gandhi–Irwin Pact. |
| Third | November–December 1932 | Congress absent; limited participation; constitutional discussions continued. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Paramahansa Mandali: challenged caste barriers and orthodox social practices; inter-dining was a way of opposing caste exclusion.
- Gandhi–Irwin Pact, March 1931: Congress suspended Civil Disobedience and agreed to attend the second conference.
- Ambedkar at the conferences: represented the interests of the Depressed Classes; do not confuse his participation with Congress representation.
- Constitutional sequence: conferences → White Paper (1933) → parliamentary scrutiny → Government of India Act (1935). The conferences did not immediately grant independence.
Question 26
Consider the following statements:
(1) In 1910, at Allahabad Session of Indian National Congress was “Jana- Gana-Mana” sung for the first time.
(2) Swami Dayanand Saraswati had hoisted the ‘Pakhand Khandini Pataka’ at Allahabad in 1867 A.D.
(3) The last Act was the Charter Act of 1853 for the East India Company.
(4) The modern educated Indians also did not support the Revolt of 1857.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Statements 3 and 4 are correct, with an important qualification
- Statement 1 is false: Jana Gana Mana was first sung at a Congress session in Calcutta on 27 December 1911 , not Allahabad in 1910.
- Statement 2 is false: Dayananda raised the Pakhand Khandini Pataka at Haridwar’s Kumbh in 1867 , not Allahabad. It expressed opposition to superstition and religious hypocrisy.
- Statement 3 is true: the Charter Act of 1853 was the last Charter Act for the East India Company. The Government of India Act of 1858 later transferred rule to the Crown.
- Statement 4 is accepted as true in the question’s textbook sense: much of the newly English-educated leadership did not support the Revolt of 1857, often seeing its leadership as tied to older social and political orders.
- This is a broad group-level generalisation , not proof that every educated Indian opposed the revolt. Attitudes and participation varied.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • 1 and 2
Reject: both contain wrong places; statement 1 also gives the wrong year.
B • 3 and 4
Correct in the intended exam framing: 1853 was the last Charter Act, and the modern educated elite largely remained aloof in 1857.
C • 2 and 3
Reject: 3 is true, but the 1867 event was at Haridwar.
D • 1 and 4
Reject: 4 fits the broad textbook account, but the song was sung in Calcutta in 1911.
📚 Charter Acts: one provision to distinguish each
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| Act | Core provisions | Trap |
|---|---|---|
| 1793 | Renewed Company privileges for 20 years. | Not the Act that ended the trade monopoly. |
| 1813 | Ended most Company trade monopoly; retained tea and China trade; provided for educational expenditure. | Monopoly did not end completely in 1813. |
| 1833 | Ended remaining commercial functions; Governor-General of Bengal became Governor-General of India; centralised legislation. | William Bentinck became first Governor-General of India. |
| 1853 | Separated legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s Council; opened the way to competitive civil-service recruitment. | Macaulay Committee followed in 1854; first competitive examination in 1855. |
| 1858 Government of India Act | Transferred government from Company to Crown; created Secretary of State for India. | This was not another Charter Act. |
📚 National song and anthem: distinguish the facts
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| Item | Author / source | Dates |
|---|---|---|
| Jana Gana Mana | Rabindranath Tagore | First sung at Congress: Calcutta, 1911; adopted as national anthem on 24 January 1950. |
| Vande Mataram | Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay; Anandamath | Sung by Tagore at the 1896 Calcutta Congress session. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- 1857 causes: annexations, revenue pressures, military grievances and religious fears; the cartridge controversy was the immediate trigger, not the only cause.
- Major centres: Delhi—Bahadur Shah Zafar; Kanpur—Nana Saheb; Lucknow—Begum Hazrat Mahal; Jhansi—Lakshmibai; Bihar—Kunwar Singh.
- Limits of the revolt: uneven geographical reach, different local aims and weak coordination; several princes and groups supported the British.
- Consequences: Crown rule, changes in army organisation and a more cautious policy towards princes and religious customs.
- Dayananda link: Haridwar protest (1867) precedes Arya Samaj’s founding (1875).
Question 27
Consider the following statements:
(1) The first Singh Sabha was founded in 1873 at Amritsar.
(2) Gyan Singh was the first President of Singh Sabha.
(3) Thakur Singh Sandhawalia was the first Secretary of Singh Sabha.
(4) Khalsa College, Amritsar was established in the year 1892.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Singh Sabha: the first president and secretary are reversed in the question
- Statement 1 is correct: the first Singh Sabha was founded at Amritsar in 1873 .
- Statement 2 is incorrect: the first president/chairman was Thakur Singh Sandhawalia , not Giani Gian Singh.
- Statement 3 is incorrect: Giani Gian Singh served as secretary; the question swaps the two office-bearers.
- Statement 4 is correct: Khalsa College, Amritsar, was established in 1892 . The movement supported education and the renewal of Sikh religious life.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • 1 and 2
Reject: Amritsar 1873 is correct, but statement 2 gives the secretary as president.
B • 1 and 3
Reject: statement 3 gives the president as secretary.
C • 1 and 4
Correct: Amritsar Singh Sabha—1873; Khalsa College—1892.
D • 2 and 4
Reject: the college date is right, but the presidency is wrong.
📚 Sikh reform: chronology and institutions
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| Year | Development | Main significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1873 | Singh Sabha at Amritsar | Religious renewal; Sikh teaching and education. |
| 1879 | Singh Sabha at Lahore | Important centre of reform; associated with Gurmukh Singh and later Ditt Singh. |
| 1892 | Khalsa College, Amritsar | Modern education combined with Sikh cultural and religious instruction. |
| 1902 | Chief Khalsa Diwan | Coordination among Sikh institutions and reform activities. |
| 1920 | SGPC and Shiromani Akali Dal emerged | Gurdwara management and the Akali reform movement. |
| 1925 | Sikh Gurdwaras Act | Legal framework for management of major Sikh gurdwaras. |
📚 Movements in Punjab: do not confuse them
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| Movement | Leaders / period | Main emphasis |
|---|---|---|
| Singh Sabha | Thakur Singh Sandhawalia, Giani Gian Singh and other reformers; from 1873 | Religious learning, identity, publications and education. |
| Namdhari / Kuka | Baba Ram Singh; nineteenth century | Religious and social discipline; resistance to colonial institutions. |
| Akali movement | Mainly 1920s | Reform of gurdwara control and removal of corrupt mahants. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Educational strategy: schools, colleges, religious literature and preaching helped spread reform beyond individual leaders.
- Identity: reformers sought to clarify Sikh beliefs and practices amid missionary activity and competing religious movements.
- Internal diversity: the Amritsar and Lahore streams were not identical; later Tat Khalsa reform asserted a distinct Sikh identity.
- Political connection: the later Akali movement brought institutional reform into wider anti-colonial mobilisation; do not date it to 1873.
Question 28
Match List I with List II:
List I (Governor General/Viceroy):
(a) Lord Lansdowne
(b) Lord Northbrook
(c) Lord Dufferin
(d) John Lawrence
List II (Major Events):
(i) Establishment of High Court in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras
(ii) Indian Council Act of 1892
(iii) Third Anglo-Burmese War
(iv) Kuka Movement in Punjab
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Defective matching question: learn the dated events, not the supplied key
- The supplied text marks D: (i), (iv), (iii), (i) as correct. That cannot be accepted as a sound matching: it assigns the same event to two rulers and omits the Indian Councils Act of 1892.
- Lansdowne → Indian Councils Act, 1892 (ii) . Dufferin → Third Anglo-Burmese War, 1885 (iii) . These are the secure matches.
- The High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1862 under the Indian High Courts Act, 1861 . John Lawrence was Viceroy in 1864–1869 , so that pairing is wrong.
- The major Kuka outbreak and executions occurred in January 1872 , during Mayo’s tenure, before Northbrook assumed office later in 1872. “Kuka Movement” also spans a longer period and needs a precise event label.
- No listed option is fully correct as supplied. This may involve an error in the source question, transcription or answer key. The official final HPPSC key has not been authenticated here; do not infer an official deletion or correction.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • ii, iii, i, iv
Only the first match is secure. Northbrook did not preside over the Third Anglo-Burmese War; the other assignments also fail.
B • iii, ii, iv, i
Incorrect: Lansdowne is assigned the Burmese war, Northbrook the 1892 Act, and Lawrence the 1862 courts.
C • iii, iv, ii, i
Incorrect: both Lansdowne’s and Dufferin’s secure matches are wrong; Lawrence still receives the 1862 courts.
D • i, iv, iii, i
The supplied key. Dufferin–Burmese war is right, but Lansdowne and Lawrence cannot both match the 1862 courts. Do not memorise D as historical fact.
📚 Governor-General / Viceroy: reliable revision map
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| Ruler | Tenure | Major association |
|---|---|---|
| Canning | 1856–1862 | Revolt of 1857; Crown rule (1858); High Courts Act (1861). |
| Elgin I | 1862–1863 | The three Presidency High Courts opened in 1862, during his tenure. |
| John Lawrence | 1864–1869 | Non-intervention or “masterly inactivity” towards Afghanistan; Bhutan War (1864–1865). |
| Mayo | 1869–1872 | Financial decentralisation (1870); Kuka executions in January 1872; assassinated in February 1872. |
| Northbrook | 1872–1876 | Bihar famine relief, 1873–1874; visit of the Prince of Wales, 1875. |
| Lytton | 1876–1880 | Delhi Durbar, 1877; Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act, 1878. |
| Ripon | 1880–1884 | Local self-government resolution, 1882; repeal of Vernacular Press Act; Ilbert Bill controversy. |
| Dufferin | 1884–1888 | Congress founded and Third Anglo-Burmese War, both in 1885. |
| Lansdowne | 1888–1894 | Indian Councils Act, 1892; Durand Line agreement, 1893. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Legislation versus implementation: High Courts Act—1861; establishment of the three courts—1862. Both dates are relevant but answer different questions.
- 1892 Act: enlarged legislative councils and permitted discussion of budgets and questions subject to restrictions; it did not create parliamentary control over the executive.
- Third Anglo-Burmese War: took place in 1885; annexation of Upper Burma followed in 1886.
- Kuka/Namdhari resistance: Baba Ram Singh is the principal leader to remember; distinguish the movement’s long history from the January 1872 repression.
Question 29
Match List I with List II:
List I (Association/Parties):
(a) Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal
(b) Adivasi Mahasabha
(c) Depressed Classes Mission
(d) Independent Labour Party
List II (Formation Year):
(i) 1906
(ii) 1936
(iii) 1928
(iv) 1938
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Organisation matching: 1928, 1938, 1906, 1936
- The intended answer is A: (iii), (iv), (i), (ii) . Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal—1928; Adivasi Mahasabha—1938 in the question’s conventional chronology; Depressed Classes Mission—1906; Independent Labour Party—1936.
- Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal sought civil liberties and political rights in the Punjab princely states. Sewa Singh Thikriwala was a leading figure.
- Depressed Classes Mission (1906) was founded by Vithal Ramji Shinde in Bombay. It worked against untouchability and for education and social uplift.
- Independent Labour Party (1936) was established by B. R. Ambedkar . Do not confuse it with his later Scheduled Castes Federation of 1942.
- Adivasi date qualification: the united Adivasi Sabha emerged in 1938. Research distinguishes this from Jaipal Singh Munda’s presidency and the Mahasabha name in 1939 . The uploaded matching uses the organisation’s 1938 origins.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • iii, iv, i, ii
Intended answer: 1928, 1938, 1906, 1936. Read the Adivasi qualification in the explanation.
B • ii, iii, iv, i
Reject: it assigns 1936 to Praja Mandal and 1906 to the Independent Labour Party.
C • iv, iii, ii, i
Reject: all four assigned dates conflict with the intended matching.
D • iii, ii, i, iv
Reject: Praja Mandal and the Mission are right, but it exchanges the Adivasi and Labour Party dates.
📚 Four organisations: wider purpose and leadership
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| Organisation | Year | Leader / core demand |
|---|---|---|
| Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal | 1928 | Sewa Singh Thikriwala; civil liberties and responsible government in princely states. |
| Adivasi Sabha / Mahasabha | Origins 1938; leadership/name milestone 1939 | Jaipal Singh Munda; tribal rights and a distinct regional political voice. |
| Depressed Classes Mission | 1906 | V. R. Shinde; education and removal of untouchability. |
| Independent Labour Party | 1936 | Ambedkar; workers, tenants and oppressed groups. |
📚 Nearby organisational dates for revision
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| Year | Organisation | Key distinction |
|---|---|---|
| 1905 | Servants of India Society | Gopal Krishna Gokhale; national service. |
| 1924 | Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha | Ambedkar; education and social advancement. |
| 1927 | All India States People’s Conference | Platform for political demands in princely states. |
| 1932 | Harijan Sevak Sangh | Established following Gandhi’s anti-untouchability campaign. |
| 1936 | Independent Labour Party | Ambedkar; do not assign 1942. |
| 1942 | Scheduled Castes Federation | Ambedkar’s later political organisation. |
| 1957 | Republican Party of India | Formed after Ambedkar’s death; rooted in his political legacy. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Praja Mandal meaning: organisations of subjects in princely states, where demands concerned rulers’ accountability as well as the broader colonial order.
- British India versus princely states: the institutions and immediate targets of political protest differed, although movements increasingly connected.
- Jaipal Singh Munda: a prominent Adivasi voice in the Constituent Assembly; later associated with the Jharkhand Party.
- Most useful distinction: Shinde—Mission (1906); Ambedkar—Labour Party (1936). Similar social objectives do not imply the same founder.
Question 30
Match List I with List II:
List I (Newspaper/Magazine):
(a) Amrit Bazar Patrika
(b) Harish Chandra Magazine
(c) Bombay Chronicle
(d) Bharat Mitra
List II (Publising Year):
(i) 1913
(ii) 1878
(iii) 1868
(iv) 1872
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Newspapers: intended matching A, with a publication-date caution
- The uploaded key intends A: (iii), (iv), (i), (ii) —Amrita Bazar Patrika 1868; Harish Chandra Magazine 1872 in the supplied list; Bombay Chronicle 1913; Bharat Mitra 1878.
- Amrita Bazar Patrika (1868) was founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh . It became an influential nationalist newspaper.
- Bombay Chronicle (1913) was founded by Pherozeshah Mehta . B. G. Horniman was a notable editor, not the founder.
- Bharat Mitra (1878) was a Hindi newspaper from Calcutta, associated with Durga Prasad Mishra and Chhotu Lal Mishra .
- Date caution: many literary histories date Harishchandra Magazine to 1873 ; some accounts use 1872. Since 1873 is absent from List II, treat A as the supplied/intended exam mapping , not as proof that 1872 is an undisputed launch date.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • iii, iv, i, ii
Intended key; correctly places the three secure dates and assigns the remaining 1872 to Harish Chandra Magazine. The magazine’s date needs the stated qualification.
B • iv, iii, ii, i
Reject: Amrita Bazar Patrika is not 1872 and Bombay Chronicle is not 1878.
C • iv, iii, i, ii
Bombay Chronicle and Bharat Mitra match, but the first two are wrong; Amrita Bazar Patrika is 1868.
D • iii, ii, i, iv
Amrita Bazar Patrika and Bombay Chronicle match, but Bharat Mitra is 1878, not 1872.
📚 Newspapers and periodicals: wider revision
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| Publication | Year / place | Founder, editor or distinction |
|---|---|---|
| Bengal Gazette | 1780 • Calcutta | James Augustus Hicky; early printed newspaper in India. |
| Udant Martand | 1826 • Calcutta | Jugal Kishore Shukla; first Hindi newspaper. |
| Amrita Bazar Patrika | 1868 | Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh; shifted to English in 1878. |
| Harishchandra Magazine | 1873 commonly cited; 1872 in supplied matching | Bharatendu Harishchandra; Hindi literary and public discourse. |
| Bharat Mitra | 1878 • Calcutta | Durga Prasad Mishra and Chhotu Lal Mishra; Hindi. |
| The Hindu | 1878 • Madras | G. Subramania Iyer and associates. |
| Kesari / The Mahratta | 1881 | Tilak; Marathi / English respectively. |
| Indian Opinion | 1903 • South Africa | Gandhi’s South African campaign; published in several languages. |
| Al-Hilal | 1912 • Calcutta | Abul Kalam Azad; Urdu. |
| Bombay Chronicle | 1913 • Bombay | Pherozeshah Mehta; B. G. Horniman as editor. |
📚 Press restrictions: chronology
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| Year | Measure | Association |
|---|---|---|
| 1799 | Press censorship regulations | Wellesley; wartime restrictions. |
| 1823 | Licensing regulations | John Adam; restrictions on publication. |
| 1835 | Metcalfe’s press reform | Removed prior licensing restrictions; “liberator of the Indian press.” |
| 1878 | Vernacular Press Act | Lytton; targeted vernacular publications. |
| 1882 | Repeal of Vernacular Press Act | Ripon. |
| 1910 | Indian Press Act | Security deposits and powers against publications. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Amrita Bazar Patrika’s language change: its switch to English in 1878 is associated with avoiding the Vernacular Press Act’s application.
- Bharatendu: a major figure in modern Hindi literature; associated with Andher Nagari and Hindi journalism.
- Founder ≠ editor: Mehta founded Bombay Chronicle; Horniman’s journalism gave it a strong nationalist voice.
- Exam method: memorise publication, language, place and founder together. A date alone is often insufficient for matching questions.
Question 50
Given below are two statements:
Statement I:
B. R. Ambedkar started Vaikam Satyagrah in 1924 for temple entry of untouchables.
Statement II:
Jyotiba Phule was not associated with Republican Party.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
💡 Detailed solution & complete topic notes
Statement I is false; Statement II is true
- Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925) was not started by Ambedkar. It was organised in Travancore with leaders including T. K. Madhavan, K. P. Kesava Menon and K. Kelappan ; Periyar played an important role.
- Its immediate demand was access for excluded castes to public roads around the Vaikom temple . It should not be described simply as Ambedkar’s temple-entry campaign.
- Jyotiba Phule died in 1890 . The Republican Party of India was formed in 1957 , so he could not have been associated with it.
- Ambedkar is closely associated with the Mahad Satyagraha (1927) for water access and the Kalaram temple-entry movement at Nashik (1930) . These are the campaigns being confused with Vaikom.
🔍 Every Option Explained
A • Both correct
Reject: Ambedkar did not initiate Vaikom Satyagraha.
B • Both incorrect
Reject: Phule’s non-association with the later Republican Party is true.
C • I correct, II incorrect
Both truth values are reversed.
D • I incorrect, II correct
Correct: wrong founder in I; correct non-association in II.
📚 Anti-caste struggles: place, date and objective
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| Movement / event | Place and year | Leader / purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Vaikom Satyagraha | Travancore • 1924–1925 | Madhavan, Kesava Menon, Kelappan, Periyar and others; access to temple roads. |
| Mahad Satyagraha | Maharashtra • 1927 | Ambedkar; right to use Chavdar tank. |
| Kalaram temple-entry movement | Nashik • 1930 | Ambedkar and associates; temple access. |
| Guruvayur Satyagraha | Kerala • 1931–1932 | K. Kelappan and other activists; temple entry. |
| Temple Entry Proclamation | Travancore • 1936 | Maharaja Chithira Thirunal; opened temples under the proclamation to excluded Hindu castes. |
📚 Phule and Ambedkar: organisations and contributions
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| Person | Milestone | Year / significance |
|---|---|---|
| Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule | Girls’ school at Pune | 1848; pioneering female education. |
| Jyotiba Phule | Satyashodhak Samaj; Gulamgiri | 1873; caste critique and social equality. |
| B. R. Ambedkar | Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha | 1924; educational and social advancement. |
| B. R. Ambedkar | Independent Labour Party | 1936. |
| B. R. Ambedkar | Scheduled Castes Federation | 1942. |
| Republican Party of India | Formed by Ambedkar’s followers after his death | 1957; do not list Phule as founder. |
🎯 Further Related Facts & Exam Connections
- Vaikom outcome: the settlement opened several approach roads, but did not itself create unrestricted temple entry; the wider struggle continued.
- Gandhi: supported the campaign and visited Vaikom in 1925; local organisers and Periyar’s contribution must also be recognised.
- Ambedkar’s approach: civil rights, political representation, education and a structural critique of caste.
- Phule’s approach: education and organisation of oppressed castes; challenged Brahmanical hierarchy and exclusion of women.
- Mains connection: distinguish legal equality from actual access to water, roads, schools and religious institutions; social movements made these exclusions politically visible.
Quick Answer Revision
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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 16 | (B) Ramesh Chandra Dutt |
| 19 | (A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct |
| 20 | (B) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect |
| 22 | (B) (1), (4), (3), (2) |
| 23 | (C) (3), (4), (1), (2) |
| 25 | (C) (3) and (4) only |
| 26 | (B) (3) and (4) only |
| 27 | (C) (1) and (4) only |
| 28 | No fully correct option as supplied; uploaded key D is not endorsed. |
| 29 | (A) (iii)(iv)(i)(ii) |
| 30 | A intended; publication-year qualification required. |
| 50 | (D) Statement I is incorrect and Statement II is correct |
question 27 :
Sikh Reform Movements: Prelims Fact-Sheet
For coral-curlew-211077.hostingersite.com prelims notes: Optimized for quick revision and “match the following” questions.
1. Nirankari Movement (1840s)
Founder: Baba Dayal Das.
Successors: Baba Darbara Singh, Baba Ratta ji.
Core Fact: Focused on Nirankar (Formless God); rejected Brahmanical rituals and idol worship.
Key Contribution: Introduced the Anand Karaj (Sikh marriage ceremony).
2. Namdhari / Kuka Movement (1857)
Founder: Bhagat Jawahar Mal (Sian Sahib) and Baba Balak Singh.
Main Leader: Baba Ram Singh (shifted HQ to Bhaini Sahib, Ludhiana).
Distinctive Fact: Followers wore white, carried a lathi, and emitted a loud shriek (Kuk) in ecstasy.
Political Fact: First to use Non-Cooperation (boycott of British post, schools, and clothes).
Tragedy: 66 Kukas were blown from cannons by the British in 1872 (Malerkotla Incident).
3. Amritsar Singh Sabha (1873)
Date: October 1, 1873.
President: Thakur Singh Sandhawalia.
Secretary: Giani Gian Singh.
Nature: Conservative; led by Raja-Maharajas and landed gentry; pro-British.
4. Lahore Singh Sabha (1879)
Date: 1879.
President: Diwan Boota Singh.
Secretary: Prof. Gurmukh Singh.
Core Fact: More radical and democratic; focused on “Sikhs are not Hindus” identity.
Major Achievement: Founded Khalsa College, Amritsar (1892).
5. Khalsa Diwan Amritsar (1883)
Purpose: Attempted to unite all Singh Sabhas.
President: Raja Bikram Singh of Faridkot.
Patron: Maharaja Hira Singh of Nabha.
Failure: Split within 3 years due to friction between Amritsar and Lahore factions.
6. Khalsa Diwan Lahore (1886)
Leader: Prof. Gurmukh Singh and Bhai Ditt Singh.
Impact: Became the most active branch for educational reform; opened many Khalsa schools across Punjab.
7. Chief Khalsa Diwan (1902)
Date: October 30, 1902.
First President: Bhai Arjan Singh (Bagrian).
First Secretary: Sunder Singh Majithia.
Fact: Represented the Sikh community in the British Legislative Council until 1920.
The Gurdwara Reform Era (1920–1925)
8. SGPC (Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee)
Date: November 15, 1920.
First President: Sardar Sundar Singh Majithia (initially); later Baba Kharak Singh.
Objective: To take management of Gurdwaras away from corrupt Mahants.
9. Nankana Sahib Massacre (1921)
Date: February 20, 1921.
Antagonist: Mahant Narain Das.
Outcome: 130+ Akalis killed; fueled the fire for the Akali Movement nationally.
10. Keys Affair (Chabian da Morcha – 1921)
Event: British seized the keys of the Golden Temple treasury.
Result: British forced to return keys to Baba Kharak Singh in Jan 1922.
Gandhi’s Quote: “First decisive battle of India’s freedom won.”
11. Sikh Gurdwaras Act (1925)
Passed by: Punjab Legislative Council.
Date: July 1925 (Implemented Nov 1, 1925).
Significance: Legally made the SGPC the supreme body for managing all historical Gurdwaras in Punjab.
Quick Table for HPAS Revision
| Event/Body | Year | Key Personality |
|---|---|---|
| Kuka Rebels Executed | 1872 | Mr. Cowan (DC Ludhiana) |
| Amritsar Singh Sabha | 1873 | Thakur Singh Sandhawalia |
| Khalsa College Fdn. | 1892 | Sir James Lyall |
| Chief Khalsa Diwan | 1902 | Sunder Singh Majithia |
| SGPC Formed | 1920 | Baba Kharak Singh |
| Gurdwaras Act | 1925 | Lord Hailey (Gov. of Punjab) |